Quality Management Management And Management - 932 Words

Due to the increasing pace at which life operated, businesses in many industries had become reliant upon creating a quick product, not necessarily evaluating if quick was necessarily going to result positively. Over the last two decades, among various industry lines, it became more commonly understood that quality management may help organizations to repeat work less often, as the initial product or service that was delivered, was of a higher caliber, resulting favorably for the company as well as for the client. Quality management has now become a more regularly used practice throughout all phases of projects, allowing project managers to operate with a clear, defined process, and letting upper management determine if work should stop short for the sake of time, not sacrificing the quality of what has been completed. Quality Management Explained CSU-Global (2013) identifies quality management as a way for organizations to develop standards to continually improve processes, procedures, products, and services. Often, these standards are referred to as policies, which are defined, documented objectives that are supported by management, based on principles, and beliefs of an organization (Milosevic, Patanakul, Srivannaboon, 2010). When quality management is addressed in the planning stages of a project, it is easier to incorporate those standards into the monitoring, controlling, and auditing phases, right from the start. While most people would think that quality of aShow MoreRelatedManagement Theory : Quality Management1353 Words   |  6 PagesINVESITIGATIVE STUDY OF EFFICIENCY INTO QUALITY MANAGEMENT PROCESS 6 SIGMA Vs ACE (ACHIEVING COMPETITIVE EXCELLENCE) CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Back Ground 3. Alternatives 4. Proposed Solutions 5. Recommendations 6. Conclusions 7. References I. Introduction Total quality management is a management philosophy aimed at continuous growth in quality improvement of products, processes and services to achieve and surpass quality standards. It consists of strategic planningRead MoreProject Quality Management : Project Management1322 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION 1 Q: Why Project Quality management is so crucial in the completion of any project? Outline the various project quality management processes used. Describe in detail the process of Quality control. a. INTRODUCTION. Within any project there are a number of factors that are right up there and often preoccupy members of the Project Team. These include making sure that the project completes on time, making sure that the project does not go over budget and ensuring that all the team members areRead MoreManagement Of Quality Management Standards1330 Words   |  6 PagesM29EKM (MANAGEMENT OF QUALITY) COURSEWORK 2 Done by: OLUMAYOWA A. AYODEJI SID: 6771175 MSc Engineering Business Management Coventry University, UK Submitted on 19th March, 2017 1.0 Review of ISO 9001:2015 ISO 9001 is a universal quality management standard that sets requirements for quality management systems and can be adopted by organizations in any industry and of any size. It helps the organization which use it achieve customer satisfaction through efficient processes [ISO, 2015]Read MoreQuality Of Project Quality Management775 Words   |  4 PagesQuality in â€Å"Project quality management† Project quality management ensures that the quality of the project is up to the quantified standard defined by the company. It was suggested by (Gomes et al, 2005) that as a result of similar management techniques in efficiently operating companies globally it can be concluded that the most successful companies focus on maximizing customer’s satisfaction. 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Kairong (2010) states that it can be refer to th e process in which inspections are conducted to detect defects, the process in which products are produced to meet customer requirements, or it can be defined as customer satisfaction. No matter how quality is defined, Manghani (2011) argues that it â€Å"shouldRead MoreThe Quality Of Total Quality Management896 Words   |  4 Pages Total quality management, also known as TQM, which is an umbrella methodology drawing on knowledge of the principles and practices of the behavioral sciences, the analysis of quantitative and non-quantitative data, economic theories, and process analysis to continually improve the quality of all processes. Three major contributors to the quality profession include: Walter A. Shewhart, W. Edwards Demings, and Joseph M. 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In order for this to be achieved their must goals and objectives to work towards. The success of these goals and objectives are dependent upon The Quality Management Structure of the organization. With proper implementation and managementRead MoreQuality Of Quality Management Process1658 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ones that define the stated quality needs for defining the project requirements. It is also defined as the conformance to requirements or fitness for use, which means that the product or services must meet the intended objectives of the project and have a value to the sponsor and recipient. The main aim of quality management is meeting or exceeding stakeholder’s expectations and conforming to the project design and its specifications. Till the desired quality is obtained a continuous repetitive

Case Analysis Padgett V. Donald 41 - 884 Words

Padgett v. Donald 41 F.3d 1253 (11th Circuit 2005) FACTS Procedural: The United States and Georgia Constitutions allow the Georgia Department of Corrections to compel incarcerated felons to submit saliva samples for DNA profiling, pursuant with O.C.G.A. section 24-4-60. The district court granted summary judgement in favor of the Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Corrections, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, and the Georgia Department of Corrections. The statute does not violate the Fourth Amendment, the search and seizure provisions of the Georgia Constitution, or the felon’s rights to privacy under the United States or Georgia Constitutions, and was affirmed. Substantive: In 2000, the Georgia General Assembly amended O.C.G.A. section 24-4-60 (â€Å"the statute†) to require people that are convicted of felonies and incarcerated for felony crimes to provide a sample of DNA to the Georgia Department of Corrections (â€Å"GDOC†) for analysis and storage in a data bank that is maintained by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (â€Å"GBI†). The DNA profiles can be released from the bank â€Å"to federal, state, and local law enforcement officers upon a request made in furtherance of an official investigation of any criminal offense.† The statute applies to anyone convicted of a felony and incarcerated on or after July 1st, 2000. The statute allows the GDOC to obtain an incarcerated felon’s DNA sample by taking blood, swabbing the inside of his mouth for saliva, or using any otherShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior

Creating Safe space

Question: Discuss about the Creating Safe space Classroom bullying. Answer: Introduction Background Creating safe spaces in classroom has emerged as a challenging task to all the teachers and the administrations across the globe because some students are there who love bullying the others (Brookfield, 2015). This may be because of various reasons such as racism, family background and many more. Scope In the chosen video i.e. Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1, Jonah is a type of student who loves bullying the others, disturbing the classroom with some unaccepted behaviours. The teachers have no clues on what to do to make Jonah disciplined. The video is chosen to describe some of the reasons that are creating an unsafe space in and around the classroom. Aim This assignment tries to understand an unsafe classroom environment and some of the possible reasons for this with the help of a chosen video i.e. Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1. The aim is to convey a message that a safe space in a classroom is required to construct a great learning environment. Summary of video clip The Jonah Episode 1 of Summer Heights High is a part of Australian Television Series, which was first aired on 5th September 2007. It has few important characters in it and the most important character of all is of Jonah, which plays an important role in creating an unsafe environment in the classroom (Hopkins, 2013). Moreover, the unacceptable behaviour of Jonah with some students such as Ben and disturbing activities in the classroom have all collectively created an unsafe environment in and around the classroom. Further, Jonah does not want to realize that his activities are actually damaging the environment of the classroom. He rather finds himself perfect and tries to find out problems in others. The main highlights of the episode 1 are the complicated activities of Jonah with some of the students especially with Ben and the English teacher Sarah Wheatley. Jonah just thrown away his bags and bullied him physically only because Ben has red hairs and has come from some different c ountries. Moreover, Jonah just insulted his English teacher in front of all the students for no valid reasons. Summary of literature Safe space refers to an environment, which bears a healthy life for all its members irrespective of its kinds (Hermann-Wilmarth Ryan, 2013). A safe space in a classroom is of utmost importance for a school and student across the globe as it prepares way for a supportive learning environment in the classroom. Moreover, a supportive learning environment in the classroom is a valuable asset for a students career (Jeong Lee, 2013). The Jonahs character in the chosen video is a very complicated one as it does not where to go and what to do. Jonah is a confused character, which only satisfies its soul by doing some unacceptable activities that might even disturb others. The student welfare member Mr. Doug Peterson in this video tries to explain him the wrong perspectives of bullying. Mr. Peterson explains that Jonah does possess some irresistible tensions that are compelling him for these kinds of activities. Moreover, Jonah did lose his mother in his early age. According to Mr. Peterson , Jonah is physically different to others of his age. However, a proper support from his family members might help Jonah in overcoming the ongoing problem in him (Thompson Smith, 2012). Cultural intelligence can be defined as an individuals capability to maintain a peaceful practice at the workplace or the classroom environment with people of different cultures (Booker, 2016). Moreover, it lets the individual adjust with various kinds of cultural peoples from irrespective parts of world. Cultural self-awareness can be referred to a knowledge, which helps in understanding the level of awareness in a person towards the different cultural values (Adeyemo, 2012). Cultural intelligence and cultural self-awareness have a very strong relationship with the safe space in the classroom. The unsafe environment depicted in the video indicates towards an unawareness quality of Jonah to the different cultural values. Moreover, if Jonah were full of all the cultural self-awareness and the skills of cultural intelligence, he would have never bullied Ben by throwing his bags. Jonah believes that whatever he wish to do is correct, no matter what consequence his action can produce to others. In the chosen video clip, the student welfare member Mr. Peterson says that the main problem behind Jonahs activities is hard to explain (Lilley, 2017). However, it might be because that he lost his mother at his early ages, which might have hampered the proper nurturing of Jonah. Moreover, Jonah is physically underdeveloped, which might have also compelled him in behaving this way. Further, the cultural self-awareness and the cultural intelligence play a very significant role in adjusting with the diverse kinds of cultural people. Nevertheless, the family background is the primary learning centre for an individual, which helps in developing a required level of self cultural-awareness and the cultural intelligence in him or her (Booker, 2016). Observations/ description of video Scene Number/ Time frame Physical Factors: Size and layout of space Proximity and position other Communication factors: Body language, Voice Words Signs of Inclusion or Exclusion Display or lack of cultural intelligence 1- 0:23 Seconds to 0:31 Seconds Throwing of school bag of Ben by Jonah Casual body language of Jonah and his two other friends Leon Joseph with undisciplined loud voice Sign of exclusion to create a safe space can be disciplined behaviours of Jonah and his two other friends in front of Mr. Peterson who is a member of student welfare Saying sorry to Ben in an impolite manner by Jonah 2- 2:42 Minutes to 4:01 Minutes Making fun of English teacher, Sarah Wheatley Disrespectful manner of Jonah where he insults his English teacher for wrong things Sign of exclusion can be the sitting of Jonah at the back seat that was placed behind the class Jonah did not show respect to his English teacher and blame her for wrong reasons 3- 4:21 Minutes to 4:38 Minutes Cheating others assignment Jonah did not do any work on his assignment and simply called Stuart the last night before the submission to know the content of his assignment Sign of inclusion can be the awareness of other students towards the behaviour of Jonah Jonah just cheated the others assignment Source: (Created by author) Discussion Some important theoretical perspectives such as the safe space, cultural self-awareness and cultural intelligence are very helpful in analysing the movie depicted in the chosen video i.e. Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1 (Richardson, 2012). The picture that is depicted in the episode represents an unsafe environment of a school. However, some scenes are also there, which are producing a safe space in the school. The one moment, which is the most effective, is the interaction of Mr. Peterson with the Jonah and his friends. That particular interaction between the member of student welfare and the Jonah tries to show the importance of a safe space in a school environment (Tucker, 2012). Moreover, Mr. Peterson tries to help Jonah in realizing his mistakes, which are damaging the classroom environment in particular. Moreover, all the teachers are tired of Jonah who has already been expelled from two other previous schools. Further, Jonah is a complicated character, which is not suita ble for any classroom environment. The character of Jonah is not safe for any school environment as diverse cultural participation in a school is common. The hatred feelings of Jonah towards other cultures have compelled him in bullying Ben by throwing his bags (Campano Edmiston, 2015). Further, the comment from the English teacher, Sarah Wheatley about the destructive nature of Jonah is also supporting the fact that there are numerous unsafe spaces in the classroom as depicted in the movie. Jonah disturbs other students learning by doing some unaccepted non-sense things such as making fun of the English teacher by saying that the teacher has farted. However, Jonah feels that teachers only blame him for sits, which is not acceptable from his point of view. The film mostly constructs an unsafe space in the classroom, which is evident through various scenes in the film (Fisher, Frey, Pumpian, 2012). The scenes when Jonah blames his English teacher for farting and when Stuart blames Jonah for cheating his assignment on some topic do well illustrate the unsafe environment in the classroom created by Jonah. Teachers in the depicted movie are fully scared of Jonahs behaviours, as Jonah never hesitates in insulting his teachers. Jonah always believes that he is right, as it is evident in the scene when Mr. Peterson asks Jonah to say sorry to Ben for bullying him but Jonah does not. Moreover, Jonah was not at all polite at the time when he was saying sorry to Ben for his bullying activities. Recommendations The one point of recommendation is to arrange a meeting in between the principle and the Jonahs guardians regarding the unsafe activities that Jonah is producing in the classroom. Discussing the major ailments in Jonahs activities should be a part of that meeting. Moreover, Jonahs unusual activities in the school need to be highlighted to his guardians to generate a sense of realization in them towards Jonahs career (Baglieri Shapiro, 2012). Mr. Peterson, the welfare member of students could not bring any changes in Jonahs behaviour. Therefore, it then becomes a necessity to acknowledge the guardians about Jonahs activities. Moreover, Jonahs guardians need to take care of all his activities as students spend their maximum time at their homes. Nevertheless, family background is the primary learning centre, which contributes in the development of a social awareness in a students character. The major problem highlighted in the movie was the missing of cultural intelligence and the cult ural self-awareness in the Jonahs character. Cultural intelligence and cultural self-awareness are the two most important part of a student, which helps them in adjusting with diverse culture of students in schools (Baglieri Shapiro, 2012). Conclusion The assignment covers a brief discussion on the safe space of a classroom with the help of a video clip such as Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1. The video shows the other part of a safe space, which is about the disturbing nature of Jonah in his school. The disturbing nature of Jonah has created a destructive image of him in the school. Moreover, Jonah is happy in disturbing others and in doing so, he sometimes tend to forget the respect level that complies with the teachers. The moment where he does not say sorry to Ben in a polite manner and the moment where he insults his English teacher Sarah Wheatley for wrong reasons clearly indicate the disturbing nature of Jonah in this video. However, there are not any identified solutions for his unacceptable behaviours but the family background is the one way, which could have produced some effective remedy against such behaviours. Bibliography Adeyemo, S. A. (2012). The relationship between effective classroom management and students academic achievement. European Journal of Educational Studies. 367-381.[Accessedat:https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32963797 /SHAZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZMA.PDF?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1486813721Signature=rymMwzB37zvGWh9TgQrEFhzna8U%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTHE_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_EFFECTIVE_CLASS.pdf] Baglieri, S., Shapiro, A. (2012). Disability studies and the inclusive classroom: Critical practices for creating least restrictive attitudes. Routledge. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=tkaC2eYg-eUCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=R1zgXhHUZPsig=mxzBDq1bY2x6RCNJA4PCo57h_T8#v=onepageqf=false] Booker, K. (2016). Connection and Commitment: How Sense of Belonging and Classroom Community Influence Degree Persistence for African American Undergraduate Women. Executive Editor. 218-229. [Accessed at: https://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE28(2).pdf#page=77] Brookfield, S. D. (2015). The skillful teacher: On technique, trust, and responsiveness in the classroom. John Wiley Sons. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=gAhhBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA192dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=BoYvOtYp6Ssig=yj9If_RDY1TfkwTwa06p0aPd89Y#v=onepageqf=false] Campano, G., Edmiston, B. (2015). Literacy tools in the classroom: Teaching through critical inquiry, grades 5-12. Teachers College Press. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=jnK0SesoRlECoi=fndpg=PR5dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=MzVP-nYtGKsig=pOYcsFMAuvAiahPHnngpIBzjiJI#v=onepageqf=false] Fisher, D., Frey, N., Pumpian, I. (2012). How to create a culture of achievement in your school and classroom. ASCD. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=LCvrv2ggn2QCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=wyDId9LBf5sig=Tm9DvWEJqmIl1oKa2v6MBNQ-NV0#v=onepageqf=false] Hermann-Wilmarth, J., Ryan, C. (2013). Interrupting the single story: LGBT issues in the language arts classroom. Language Arts. 226-231. [Accessed at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34481727/LA0903Conversation.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1486813597Signature=C6WRg4nyEZafbx6AFLnFK%2FztQJI%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DInterrupting_the_Single_Story_LGBT_Issue.pdf] Hopkins, D. (2013). Creating the Conditions for Classroom Improvement: A handbook of staff development activities. Routledge. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=1ZrHBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT6dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=nezYybdc1Nsig=LJZkzNRg9eR7bOTkz1yAQCikVGk#v=onepageqf=false] Jeong, S., Lee, B. H. ( 2013). A multilevel examination of peer victimization and bullying preventions in schools. Journal of criminology. [Accessed at: file:///C:/Users/asus%20user/Downloads/735397.pdf] Lilley, C. (2017). Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1. [image]. [Accessed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5eZ3zJVjg8] Protogerou, C., Flisher, A. (2012). Bullying in schools.Crime, Violence and Injury in South Africa: 21st Century Solutions for Child Safety. Tygerberg: MRC, 119-133. [Accessed at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cleo_Protogerou/publication/258222223_BULLYING_IN_SCHOOLS/links/55073d5f0cf26ff55f7c2f79.pdf] Richardson, G. R. (2012). Creating a Space to Grow: the process of developing your outdoor learning environment. Routledge. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8O3rYO1it4QCoi=fndpg=PR3dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=rSkbtZmpI0sig=15IHlhpdW0QGdlSEQ7jykeGGyNU#v=onepageqf=false] Thompson, F., Smith, P. K. (2012). Anti-bullying strategies in schools: what is done and what works. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 154-173. [Accessed at: https://www.bullyingandcyber.net/media/cms_page_media/55/Thompson-Smith2.pdf] Tucker, C. R. (2012). Blended learning in grades 412: Leveraging the power of technology to create student-centered classrooms. . Corwin Press. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=GmvIn8qBwssCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=t86wIdcdjK sig=5wUHZymMTLz7ovQcmQ_FLKw4jLo#v=onepageq=creating%20safe%20space%20in%20classroomf=false]

Sustainable Tourism free essay sample

Introduction As defined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability in all form of tourism shall be discussed in this essay. 2. 1 Sustainable Tourism Since World War II, tourism has developed from a relatively minor activity to the worlds largest industry. The travelling within more developed countries as well as from more developed countries to less developed countries generally increased. It also consists of the majority of middle classes travelling among less developed countries but also to the more developed countries. The term sustainable tourism emerged from a broader discourse on the idea of sustainable development (Bramwell and Lane, 1993). It aims to obtain economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits and helping to conserve the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exist to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes (Butler 1993 in Wahab and Pigram 1997, p44). According to Jafari, the global tourism sector has been influenced and described by a few model platforms, advocacy, cautionary, adaptancy and knowledge-based platforms. At the later stage, Macbeth (2005) rethought the model and proposed the other 2 models, sustainable and value full platforms. These distinct perspectives provide a useful structure for understanding the outgrowth and development of sustainable tourism. However these platforms do not represent a pure type or ideology but rather be used for understanding for stakeholders on tourism and it is not mutually exclusive. 2. 1. 1 Advocacy platform The advocacy platform was the first to appear in the post-war period during the 1950s to 1960s and was characterized by the strong support for tourism. There were a few factors leading to the appearance and ascendancy of this pro-tourism. The tendency to travel for recreational purposes of the middle class in the more developed countries grew after World War II. The cost of travel was reduced and the accessibility to more destinations was opened to a larger market. Less developed countries was made favorable to economic development judging the inexhaustible supply of resources such as the local culture, scenery and beaches. Economic benefits Tourism generates direct revenues as well as indirect revenues to the country. In this case it creates a large number of employments to the direct or indirect sectors for the unskilled labor force. It also serves as a generator of infrastructure. Socio-cultural and environment benefits Tourism promotes cross-cultural understanding and, ultimately, world peace, through direct contact between host and guest (DAmore, 1988). It also provides an incentive to conserve the tradition, natural and man-made environment. The iconic heritage sites such as the Great Wall of China, Egyptian pyramids of Giza and Machu Picchu of Peru would seriously be the tourism attraction of the countries. Therefore a portion of the revenue can be allocated for maintenance or restoration purposes. 2. 1. 2 Cautionary platform Cautionary platform was emerged in the late 1960s to 1970s due to several factors contributing it. It has been argued that unrelated tourism development ultimately rises in unacceptably high economic, environmental and socio-cultural cost for the locals of the destinations, who are losing out as a result of these costs. For less developed countries, the intensification of tourism development had been developed where negative impacts became increasingly visible. Economic costs Cautionary platform showed that tourism employment generate low wages, part time, unskilled, seasonal job and employee does not have the opportunity to entitle to benefits as well as upward mobility. In the long-run pattern of seasonal nature of tourist demand, it creates a respectively under-capacity and over-capacity which resulted instability to the country economy. Socio-cultural and environmental costs With the increased of tourism development, the country has to destroy part of the natural environment to build large scale resorts, golf course or marina to attract the tourists. Natural environments such as beaches, forest or lakes are being destroyed due to the over-populated and over-congestion. The culture and the locals are also being commoditized by the visitors as the residents have to adapt products and services to the tourists demand rather than their own community. With the increased of tourism activities, illegal and criminal activities are inevitable which disrupt the structure of the host society. Advocacy and Cautionary platforms are largely concerned with imparts of tourism which leads to the third platform of adaptation where alternative platform of tourism. 2. 1. 3 Adaptancy platform The appearance of adaptancy platform was introduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This platform was introduced after cautionary platform identified the potential negative impacts of tourism but did not implement solutions to avoid these negative effects. It favored new form of tourism responsiveness to the host community, man-made environment, natural environment and socio-cultural. Employing of locals, utilizing local resources, being less destructive can be beneficial to the host community and guests. 2. 1. 4 Emergence of alternative tourism By supporting locally owned small-scale enterprises than externally owned and large scale enterprises leads to alternative tourism. Eco-tourism special interest tourism appeared as alternative tourism that attracts based on the natural environment. . 1. 5 Knowledge-Based platform Several factors gave rise in the late 1980s and 1990s according to Jafari (2001) which he terms the knowledge-based platform. It is based on scientific foundation, research-based to provide objective analysis. This platform emphasize on holistic, system-based approached. By studying the whole tourism system, understanding its underlying structures and functions so that proper assessment can be done to manage the touris m sector. 3. 1 Sustainable Development Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Report, 1987). Essentially, sustainable development advocates the wise use and conservation of resources in order to maintain their long-term viability (Eber, 1992, p. 1). The principles of sustainable development are ecological sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability and cultural sustainability (Jamieson, et al, 2000). Ecological sustainability refers to the direction towards ecological principles and biological diversify. Economical sustainability refers to development economically efficient within generations. Social sustainability refers to the increase of peoples control over their own lives; maintain and strengthen community identity. Cultural sustainability refers to development compatible with the culture and values of affected people. The above-mentioned shows the need for sustainability in all form of tourism in order to sustain. 3. 2 Eco-Tourism In the mid-1980s, eco-tourism is closely associated. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES, 1990) defined that responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. Ecotourism is about conservation of environment with minimum impart, build environmental and cultural awareness and respect, providing positive experience for both host and visitors, provide financial benefits for the host and raising sensitivity to host countries political, environmental, and social climate. Singapore Environment Council (SEC), foster greater appreciation of the environment amongst the community as a whole. The objective of the non-profit organization is to promote greater public awareness concerning the living and natural environment in Singapore, encouraging public to be more environmentally conscious and display a greater sense of environmental responsibility. They also organized environmental promotion and protection in Singapore or the purpose of conserving the nature areas such as Bukit Timah Reserve, Pulua Ubin, Sungei Buloh Nature Park. 4. Local Conditions The economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors play an important part in a country. The interplay of social, economic and environmental conditions can have a profound impact on the perceived importance of tourism and the relative power of different interest groups within the destination (Dredge 2001b, 2006a). Economic factors refer to the assets and revenues of a country. For instance, the more developed countries will have the ability to supply or inject more money to conserve their natural or man-made environment, or even build large-scale resorts and golf course to attract tourists to the country. For less-developed countries, due to their low standard of living and undeveloped infrastructures, the countries do not have the ability to invest the money for conserving the environment. Socio-cultural factors refer to the socio structure, the values and cultures of a society. The culture of a community can be very different from other community. For example, Singaporeans are more conservative compared to the westerners. Environmental factors refer to the environment, nature and location of a country. The natural structure of a country is hard to change. For example, Singapore is a small island with neither forest nor mountain whereas the Himalayas Mountain in Tibet is a natural resource. Therefore planning is important, as good tourism planning can sustain the environment more successfully. Reciprocally, poor tourism planning can result harm to the natural habitat, overcrowding in a place and creates pollutions. 5. Values Jafaris knowledge-based platform took a scientific and objective view of tourism and a system approach to the industry. However, Macbeth confidently believes that knowledge, policy, planning and development decisions are value-based. Concluding that no matter how many scientific facts, priorities and decisions made will be based on what the stakeholders believe. Hence, Value-Full or ethics-based platform was proposed (Macbeth, 2005). It encourages the stakeholders to question the motives, ethics and morality during the consideration of the consequences of tourism within a economic, socio-cultural and environmental framework. The United Nations, the general assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration on 8 September 2000, recognizing it as a collective responsibility to uphold the principle of human dignity, equality and equality at the global level. Fundamental values essential to international relations include freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, and respect for nature and shared responsibility are considered. Freedom refers to human rights to live their lives without the fear of violence or injustice. Equality refers to the equal rights and opportunities of different genders, race or religion to benefit from development. Solidarity refers to the sharing of costs and burdens between those who benefit more or to those who benefit less. Tolerance should also be respected within human beings in the difference of belief, culture and language. Respecting of nature must be shown of all natural resources and living species in order to sustain for the future generation. Responsibility must be shared to manage worldwide economic, social development as well as threats to international peace and security. 6. Global Code of Ethics The Global Code of Ethics is a set of principle which is used to guide the stakeholders as well as visitors in tourism development. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism is believed to help minimize the negative impacts of tourism on the environment and on cultural heritage while maximizing the benefits for residents of tourism destination (WTO). The stakeholders in tourism development should implement the principles and follow closely to it. Mutual understanding between peoples and societies, the respect of cultural and religious traditions should be observed. For example, Lijiang Ancient Town, China, acquiring World Heritage status in 1997 and since then four million tourists has passed through the town. According to X. Su and P. Teo, a questionnaire survey was used to ascertain the local perceptions on heritage and the state (2008: p. 153).