Microbiological routes for the production

Microbiological Paths For The Production Of Pharmaceutical Products.IntroductionMicrobiological Aspects Of PenicillinRecent publications and primary literature suggest that penicillin is an first-class curative agent which increases its demand for clinical application and chemical surveies. Microbiological production, chemical purification and isolation are major jobs associated with its usage. Penicillin is produced by Penicillium notatum in really infinitesimal measures and its civilizations were investigated for big scale production of penicillin. Cultures of P.notatum tend to spontaneously lose their penicillin-producing ability due to physiological or biochemical devolution. Penicillin activity straight depends upon the nature of strain. It is critical to choose strains of highest authority for maximal penicillin activity. All the strains are different from each other in their penicillin-forming ability. 1. Penicillin production in Penicillium Chrysogenum. Biosynthesis of lysine and Penicillin in Penicillium chrysogenum is regulated by ramifying point intermediate ?-aminoadipate. In penicillin tract, it is condensed with L-valine and L-cysteine to organize tripeptide by ACV synthetase. The internal ?-aminoadipate pool plays a critical function in lysine and penicillin biogenesis. The break of lys2 cistron directs the pool towards penicillin biogenesis ensuing in penicillin over-production. The targeted break was carried out by utilizing two different techniques and their consequence on penicillin production was studied. P.chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 ( low-level penicillin-producing strain ) and P.chrysogenum pyrG1 mutant strains were used in transmutation experiments. P. Chrysogenum L2, a lysine auxotroph was used as a control. Spores of P.chrysogenum were collected from home bases of power medium after holding grown for 5 yearss at 28Â °C. Two plasmids pDL1 and pDL7 which differed in selectable marker and size of DNA part homologous to a im were selected for break of lys2 by a individual crossing over. pDL1 includes ble ( phleomycin opposition ) cistron while pDL7 contains pyrG cistron as a selectable marker. Out of 495 transformants tested, 2 lysine auxotrophs ringers ( TD7-88 and TD7-115 ) were obtained. Both were unable to turn in Czapek medium supplemented with ?-aminoadipic acid while P.chrysogenum L2 ( command strain ) grew. These consequences proved that lys2 cistron is disrupted in TD7-88 and TD7-115 strains. Two plasmids pDL2 and pDL10 were constructed for break of lys2 cistron by dual recombination. Out of 964 transformants tested, merely one lysine auxotroph ( TD10-195 ) was obtained which was unable to turn in ?-aminoadipic acid supplemented Czapek medium. Transformants TD10-195 and TD7-115 were more stable without any reversion rate as compared to TD7-88 with really low degree of stableness. Although the growing of transformants were slower than parental strain in defined medium incorporating 4.0 Mm lys ine, the penicillin degrees were double from those observed in parental strain at 96, 120, and 144 H and threefold higher at 168 H. 2. Penicillin Production by Fungi turning on nutrient merchandises. Many fungous species widely used as commercial starting motors such as P.nalgiovense, P.chrysogenum, P. Verrucosum, P.griseofulvum and P.roqueforti were used to analyse the production of penicillin while turning on nutrient merchandises and presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons in Fungi of genus Penicillium. The synthesis of toxic compounds might besides be secreted to nutrient merchandises. All the strains were screened utilizing bio-assaies in both solid and liquid medium with Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as a trial strain to observe penicillin production. Antibacterial activity was found in P.chrysogenum, P.griseofulvum NRRl 2300 and P.nalgiovense. ?-lactamase signifier Bacillus Cereus UL1 was used to prove whether the antibacterial activity was due to penicillin or other substance. Result indicate that antibacterial activity can be attributed to ?-lactam antibiotic penicillin. Agitation of liquid submerged civilizations of P.griseofulvam was carried out to corroborate peni cillin production which proved that P.griseofulvam strain NRRL 2300 had highest production degree. Southern smudge analysis was used to analyze the presence of penicillin biosynthetic cistrons. The presence of penicillin cistron bunch in P.griseofulvum proved that the antibacterial activity observed is due to penicillin. P.griseofulvum which is a possible beginning of penicillin in nutrient merchandises can be often isolated from maize, barley, wheat, flour etc. In instance of P. Verrucosum, the antibacterial activity observed was due to either patulin or penicilic acid as it contains merely one cistron of penicillin cistron bunch. Both patulin or penicilic acid are secondary metabolites produced by different strains of Fungi. In order to obtain safe and high quality nutrient merchandises, antibiotic and toxin production by nutrient micro-organisms should be analysed and studied in item. It besides helps to bring forth modified strains in which the synthesis of toxic compounds can b e eliminated without losing their food-ripening and flavorer belongingss. 3. Production of penicillin in methylotropic barm Hansenula polymorpha. -lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and Mefoxins are largest selling antibiotics against bacterial infections. Industrially, penicillin and Mefoxins are produced by filiform Fungis Penicillium.chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum severally. The chief purpose was to present penicillin biogenesis tract into yeast Hansenula polymorpha as it is more various, easy to manage and cultivate with superior agitation belongingss as compared to filiform Fungis. In penicillin tract, peptide synthetase ?-L-cysteinyl-D-valine synthetase signifiers tripeptide ACV. It is converted into isopenicillin N ( IPN ) by enzyme isopenicillin N synthase ( IPNS ) . The pcbC cistron which encodes IPNS was cloned in H.polymorpha intoxicant oxidase booster in pHIPX4 and integrated at PAOX venue in H.polymorpha genome. A strain ( IPNS 4.2 ) incorporating pcbC look cassette was cultivated at 37Â °C on methyl alcohol medium to bring on PAOX. Wild type H.polymorpha serves as control strain. Aliquots were taken a t regular clip intervals to analyze IPNS protein. Western smudges prepared utilizing rough infusions of H.polymorpha and P.chrysogenum revealed that strain IPNS 4.2 produces an ?-IPNS specific protein. IPNS was produced at all growing temperatures in strain IPNS 4.2. In stationary growing stage, comparatively low IPNS protein degrees were observed in cells grown at 37Â °C. It was assumed that hapless or slow folding of protein at high temperature can be an intrinsic factor. However, IPNS protein was to the full stable and its degree was significantly enhanced at 25Â °C if compared to its production at 37Â °C and 30Â °C.The sum is comparable to highest penicillin bring forthing strains of P.Chrysogenum. Results indicate that penicillin production in heterologus barm was merely successful at decreased growing temperatures. As yeast genome does non encode non – ribosomal peptide synthetases such as ACVs, the following measure will be to infix functionally active ACVS in hete rologus host in order to present full penicillin biogenesis tract in H.polymorpha. 4. Penicillin production in surface civilizations of P.notatum. Two-liter Erlrnmeyer flasks incorporating czapek-Dox medium were inoculated with P.notatum and incubated at 25Â °C. It was tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in alimentary stock by ordinary dilution methods. The pH of the medium fell from 6.5 to 3.0-4.0 and remained low throughout. Neutralized samples showed high antibacterial activity and batches runing from 10 to 100 liters were extracted with amyl ethanoate at pH 2. It was assumed that penicillin in these civilizations existed in non-extractable signifier. The pellicles were thin, without furrows or spores, and liquid with swoon xanthous touch. The antibacterial activity was extractible at pH 2 with organic dissolvers when the medium was supplemented with yeast infusion, brain-heart extract. In brown sugar medium ( dark brown sugar, 2 per cent ; NaNO3, 0.35 ; MgSO4.7 H20, 0.05 ; KCI, 0.05, KH2PO4, 0.15 ; FeSO4.7H20, 0.015 ) growing is more rapid and abundant accompanied by intense xanthous pigmentatio n ( chrysogenin ) as compared to czapek-Dox medium. The sourness falls in early phases from pH 5.5 to 4.5 and so rises to 8.0. Penicillin started roll uping on 5th twenty-four hours with upper limit on the eleventh to the 13th twenty-four hours. Maximum penicillin activity appeared after maximal growing was attained. All the sugar was consumed before maximal penicillin was accumulated. 5. Penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum. Experiments with submersed civilizations were conducted on machines agitating at rate of 60 to 90rpm, with maximal growing observed over a period of 6 to 10 yearss at 25Â °C. Brown sugar medium was distributed in 80-ml measures in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks and inoculated with a spore suspension of P.notatum, strain 832. The flasks were incubated at 25Â °C on a shaking machine. Growth commenced on the 2nd twenty-four hours with maximal growing appeared as little unit of ammunition pellets of mycelium. Penicillin started roll uping on 3rd or 4th twenty-four hours and reached its maximal value ( 20 to 30 oxford units per milliliter ) on 7th or 8th twenty-four hours. Organic fraction in brown sugar is responsible for penicillin-promoting capacity. Zinc besides had a catalyzing consequence. The shingle or submersed civilization technique provides better aeration as compared to come up civilization. By turning P.notatum strains in shake civilization, variable factors of diffusion and pell icle formation are eliminated, while growing and metabolic procedures are accelerated. Care of an equal O supply is indispensable in the penicillin production in submersed civilizations of P.notatum. 6. Aculeacin A Acylase as an industrial biocatalyst for production of penicillin Aculeacin A Acylase ( AuAAC ) from Actinoplanes utahensis NRRL 12052 catalyzes hydrolyses of acyl medieties of fungicidal antibiotics. As AuAAC was similar to ? -lactam acylase, it was investigated whether AuAAC would act as new ? -lactam acylase. An engineered aac cistron was made and cloned into look vector pEM4. The cistron was amplified by PCR utilizing chromosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid from A. utahensis NRRL 12052. Primers were designed harmonizing to the DNA sequence of aac cistron. Purified PCR merchandises were digested with XbaI and EcoRI endonuclease and cloned into pEM4 vector. The ensuing plasmid was so introduced in S.lividans 1326. The AuAAC output was 21-fold higher in recombinant strain produced by S. Lividans ( pEAAC ) as compared to A.utahensis. Its pureness was determined by Na dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel cataphoresis. The thermic stableness was studied by pre-incubating AAC for 20 min at different temperatures. It was stable up to 50Â °C and so reduced at higher temperature. It was determined that purified recombinant AuAAC is able to hydrolyse penicillin V. The kinetic parametric quantities for hydrolyses of different natural ?-lactam antibiotics were determined to analyze hydrolytic specificity of recombinant AuAAC. The pure recombinant enzyme was incubated with increasing concentrations of penicillins ( V, K, F, dihydroF, and G ) in 100 mM K phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 at 45Â °C for 15 min in 100 Â µl. AuAAC shows the same substrate specificity if compared to penicillin V acylase on natural penicillins. Penicillin K was best substrate for which AuAAC shows highest biomolecular changeless value of 34.79 mM-1 s-1. Result suggest that AuAAC from A.utahensis should be considered as new subfamily of ?-lactam acylases and it should besides be considered as an industrial biocatalyst for production of man-made penicillins.Mentions1. Finch, R. G. , Greenwood, D. , Norrby, S. R. & A ; Whitley, R. J. ( 2003 ) . Antibiotic and Chemotherapy. A nti-infective agents and their usage in therapy. ( 8th ed. ) . New York: Churchill Livingstone. 2. Hutter, R. , Leisinger, T. , Nuesch, J. & A ; Wehrli, W. ( 1978 ) . Antibiotics and Other Secondary Metabolites: Biosynthesis and Production. New York: Academic Press. 3. Flynn, E. H. ( 1972 ) . Cephalosporins and Penicillins.Chemistry and Biology. New York: Academic Press. 4. Casqueiro, J. , Gutierrez, S. , Banuelos, O. , Hijarrubia, M. J. & A ; Martin, J. F. ( 1999 ) . Gene Targeting in Penicillium chrysogenum: Break of the lys 2 Gene Leads to Penicillin Overproduction. Journal of Bacteriology, 181 ( 4 ) , 1181-1188. 5. Laich, F. , Fierro, F. & A ; Martin, J. F. ( 2002 ) . Production of Penicillin by Fungi Turning on Food Merchandises: Designation of a complete Penicillin Gene Cluster in Penicillium griseofulvum and a Truncated Cluster in Penicillium verrucosum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68 ( 3 ) , 1211-1219. 6. Gidijala, L. , Bovenberg R. , Klaassen, P. , Van der Klei, I. J. , Veenhuis, M. & A ; Kiel, J.A. ( 2008 ) . Production of functionally active Penicillium chrysogenum isopenicillin N synthase in the barm Hansenula polymorpha. BMC Biotechnology,29 ( 8 ) , 1472-6750. 7. Torres-Bacete, J. , Hormigo, D. , Stuart, M. , Arroyo, M. , Torres, P. , Castillon, M.P. , et Al. ( 2007 ) . Newly Discovered Penicillin Acylase Activity of Aculeacin A Acylase from Actinoplanes utahensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,73 ( 16 ) 5378-5381. 8. Sprote, P. , Brakhage, A. A. & A ; Hynes, M. J. ( 2009 ) . Contribution of Peroxisomes to Penicillin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Eukaryotic Cell, 8 ( 3 ) , 421-423.

Business System Analysis and Design Notes

*IS:arrangement of people,data,processes,information technology that interact to collect,process,provide as output the info needed to support the organization. Types of IS: TPS,MIS,decision support system,communications and collaboration system,expert system, office automation system & executive info systemTypes of Stakeholders:System owners (middle and executive managers, supervisors),System users (clinical& service workers,technical and professional workers; suppliers,customers,employees),System Builders (network admin,security admin,data base programmer,system programmer),System Designers (web archs,graphic artists,network architectures),External service provider (sales engineers, technology engineers, system consultants),Project manager,System analyst:is a problem solver,he/she studies business probs and opportunities,then transform them into info that will be used by technical specialists.System analyst:specialist who studies problems and needs of an organization to determine ho w people,data,processes and info technology can best accomplish improvements for the business. Skills by System Analyst:Working knowledge of information technology(The analyst must be aware of both existing and emerging information technologies),Computer programming, experience and expertise,General business knowledge,General problem-solving skills,Good interpersonal communication skills,Good interpersonal relations skills,Flexibility and adaptability,Character and ethics. Info sys architecture:provides a foundation for organizing various components of any info sys you care to develop. a unifying framework into which various stakeholders with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems. Views of knowledge System owners view: Interested not in raw data but in information. (Business entities and business rules) System users’view: View data as something recorded on forms,stored in file cabinets,recorded in books and spreads heets,or stored on computer.Focus on business issues as they pertain to data. Data requirement System designers’ view: Data structures,database schemas,fields,indexes,and constraints of particular database management system (DBMS). System builders’ view: SQL,DBMS or other data technologies Views of process System owners’view:Concerned with high-level processes called business functions.A cross-functional information system System users’view:Concerned with work that must be performed to provide the appropriate responses to business events. Business processes,Process requirements,Policy,Procedure, Work flow System designers’view:Concerned with which processes to automate and how to automate them. Software specifications System builders’view:Concerned with programming logic that implements automated processes. Application program,Prototyping Views of communication System owners’ view: Who? Where? What?System users’ view: Concerne d with the information system’s inputs and outputs. System designers’ view: Concerned with the technical design of both the user and the system-to-system communication interfaces. System builders’ view: Concerned with the construction, installation, testing and implementation of user and system-to-system interface solutions *Basic principles of system development: Get the system users involved. Use a problem-solving approach. Establish phases and activities. Document through development. Establish standards.Manage the process and projects. Justify systems as capital investments. Don’t be afraid to cancel or revise scope. Divide and conquer. Design systems for growth and change. The need to improve: Performance Info Eco/controlcosts Control/Security Efficiency Service Phases for system development: scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, decision analysis, physical designand integration, construction and testing, installa tion and delivery. Cross life-cycle activity: Fact-finding, Documentation and presentation Documentation, Presentation, Repository), Feasibility analysis, Process and project management Routes through the basic systems development phases: model driven development strategies (process, data, object modeling), Rapid application development (RAD), commercial application package implementation, system maintenance *Benefits of use case modeling: Provides tool for capturing functional requirements. Assists in decomposing system into manageable pieces. Provides means of communicating with users/stakeholders concerning system functionality in language they understand.Provides means of identifying, assigning, tracking, controlling, and management system development activities. Provides aid in estimating project scope, effort, and schedule. The relationships that can appear on a use-case model diagram: Use case association relationship, extension use case, abstract use case, depends on, inheri tance Use case – a behaviorally related sequence of steps (scenario), both automated and manual, for the purpose of completing a single business task.Steps for preparing a use-case model: Identify business actors. Identify business use cases. Construct use-case model diagram. Documents business requirements use-case narratives *Data modeling(database modeling)–a technique for organizing and documenting a system’s data. Data Modeling Concepts:Entity(class of persons, places, objects, events, or concepts about which we need to capture and store data),Attribute(descriptive property or characteristic of an entity.Synonyms include element, property and field), Data type(property of an attribute that identifies what type of data can be stored in that attribute),Domain(a property of an attribute that defines what values an attribute can legitimately take on),Default value(the value that will be recorded if a value is not specified by the user),Key(an attribute, or a gr oup of attributes, that assumes a unique value for each entity instance. It is sometimes called an identifier),Subsetting criteria(an attribute whose finite values divide all entity instances into useful subsets.Sometimes called an inversion entry),Relationship(a natural business association that exists between one or more entities),Cardinality(the minimum and maximum number of occurrences of one entity that may be related to a single occurrence of the other entity),Degree(the number of entities that participate in the relationship),Recursive relationship(a relationship that exists between instances of the same entity),Foreign key(a primary key of an entity that is used in another entity to identify instances of a relationship),Parent entity(a data entity that contributes one or more attributes to another entity, called the child.In a one-to-many relationship the parent is the entity on the â€Å"one† side),Child entity(a data entity that derives one or more attributes from a nother entity, called the parent.In a one-to-many relationship the child is the entity on the â€Å"many† side),Nonidentifying relationship(relationship where each participating entity has its own independent primary key), Identifying relationship – relationship in which the parent entity’ key is also part of the primary key of the child entity,Generalization(a concept wherein the attributes that are common to several types of an entity are grouped into their own entity),Nonspecific relationship(relationship where many instances of an entity are associated with many instances of another entity.Also called many-to-many relationship) ,Sample CASE Tool Notations Entity relationship diagram (ERD):a data model utilizing several notations to depict data in terms of the entities and relationships described by that data. Logical Model Development Stages:1Context Data model(Includes only entities and relationships;To establish project scope). 2Key-based data model(Elimin ate nonspecific relationships;Add associative entities;Include primary and alternate keys;Precise cardinalities). Fully attributed data model(All remaining attributes;Subsetting criteria). 4Normalized data model Normalize a logical data model to remove impurities that can make a database unstable, inflexible, and nonscalable. First normal form (1NF):entity whose attributes have no more than one value for a single instance of that entity,Any attributes that can have multiple values actually describe a separate entity, possibly an entity and relationship.Second normal form (2NF):entity whose nonprimary-key attributes are dependent on the full primary key,Any nonkey attributes dependent on only part of the primary key should be moved to entity where that partial key is the full key,May require creating a new entity and relationship on the model. Third normal form (3NF):entity whose nonprimary-key attributes are not dependent on any other non-primary key attributes. *Model:pictorial rep resentation of reality.Logical model:nontechnical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does. Physical model:technical pictorial representation that depicts what a system is or does and how the system is implemented Process modeling:a technique used to organize and document a system’s processes. (Flow of data through processes,Logic,Policies,Procedures) Data flow diagram (DFD):a process model used to depict the flow of data through a system and the work or processing performed by the system.Synonyms are bubble chart, transformation graph, and process model. The DFD has also become a popular tool for business process redesign. Processes on DFDs can operate in parallel (at-the-same-time). DFDs show the flow of data through a system. Processes on a DFD can have dramatically different timing (daily, weekly, on demand) Context data flow diagram:a process model used to document the scope for a system. Also called the environmental model. Think of the system as a â€Å"black box. â€Å"2Ask users what business transactions the system must respond to. These are inputs, and the sources are external agents. 3Ask users what responses must be produced by the system. These are outputs, and the destinations are external agents. 4Identify any external data stores, if any. 5Draw a context diagram. Decomposition diagram:a tool used to depict the decomposition of a system. Also called hierarchy chart.

World Powers Should Focus On Eradicating Water Pollution

Did you know that 1.5 billion people in the world do not have safe drinking water? What if you were one of those unfortunate people? (Elements of Earth Science). Everyone needs to be informed in the matter. For instance, many people are being affected such as China, The United States of America, Australia, and other world powers. These world powers should focus on eradicating water pollution, which will eliminate many health risks that society and the environment faces. Water pollution is affecting many forms of life directly and indirectly throughout the globe; likewise, it can be disastrous for the future generations. For example, one of the most disastrous and harmful â€Å"types of† pollution deal with the factor of it being direct†¦show more content†¦Rain is a main factor to indirect pollution; specifically it is one of the most common causes that has harmed the environment. There are two main factors that make rain a main indirect pollutant. One example is that rain can wash pesticides into the streams and waters, harming more life. Rain can also be mixed with carbon dioxide, thus, when it rains. it creates acid rain, which can be harmful for trees and plants; likewise, it also can kill other fish and mammals. Rain is the not the problem though, it is the people who are making rain contribute to the problem (Elements of Earth Science). Pollution has been harming the environment just as it has been harming the human population. China has had to deal with many issues with the water that they are provided with. The China Pig Spill dealt with the slaughter and illegal dumping of diseased pigs, in which the authorities had to go fishing for 16,000 carcasses (Vorosmarty). China also had to deal with many polluted waters from all the contamination. 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Quality Management Management And Management - 932 Words

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Case Analysis Padgett V. Donald 41 - 884 Words

Padgett v. Donald 41 F.3d 1253 (11th Circuit 2005) FACTS Procedural: The United States and Georgia Constitutions allow the Georgia Department of Corrections to compel incarcerated felons to submit saliva samples for DNA profiling, pursuant with O.C.G.A. section 24-4-60. The district court granted summary judgement in favor of the Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Corrections, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, and the Georgia Department of Corrections. The statute does not violate the Fourth Amendment, the search and seizure provisions of the Georgia Constitution, or the felon’s rights to privacy under the United States or Georgia Constitutions, and was affirmed. Substantive: In 2000, the Georgia General Assembly amended O.C.G.A. section 24-4-60 (â€Å"the statute†) to require people that are convicted of felonies and incarcerated for felony crimes to provide a sample of DNA to the Georgia Department of Corrections (â€Å"GDOC†) for analysis and storage in a data bank that is maintained by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (â€Å"GBI†). The DNA profiles can be released from the bank â€Å"to federal, state, and local law enforcement officers upon a request made in furtherance of an official investigation of any criminal offense.† The statute applies to anyone convicted of a felony and incarcerated on or after July 1st, 2000. The statute allows the GDOC to obtain an incarcerated felon’s DNA sample by taking blood, swabbing the inside of his mouth for saliva, or using any otherShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior

Creating Safe space

Question: Discuss about the Creating Safe space Classroom bullying. Answer: Introduction Background Creating safe spaces in classroom has emerged as a challenging task to all the teachers and the administrations across the globe because some students are there who love bullying the others (Brookfield, 2015). This may be because of various reasons such as racism, family background and many more. Scope In the chosen video i.e. Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1, Jonah is a type of student who loves bullying the others, disturbing the classroom with some unaccepted behaviours. The teachers have no clues on what to do to make Jonah disciplined. The video is chosen to describe some of the reasons that are creating an unsafe space in and around the classroom. Aim This assignment tries to understand an unsafe classroom environment and some of the possible reasons for this with the help of a chosen video i.e. Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1. The aim is to convey a message that a safe space in a classroom is required to construct a great learning environment. Summary of video clip The Jonah Episode 1 of Summer Heights High is a part of Australian Television Series, which was first aired on 5th September 2007. It has few important characters in it and the most important character of all is of Jonah, which plays an important role in creating an unsafe environment in the classroom (Hopkins, 2013). Moreover, the unacceptable behaviour of Jonah with some students such as Ben and disturbing activities in the classroom have all collectively created an unsafe environment in and around the classroom. Further, Jonah does not want to realize that his activities are actually damaging the environment of the classroom. He rather finds himself perfect and tries to find out problems in others. The main highlights of the episode 1 are the complicated activities of Jonah with some of the students especially with Ben and the English teacher Sarah Wheatley. Jonah just thrown away his bags and bullied him physically only because Ben has red hairs and has come from some different c ountries. Moreover, Jonah just insulted his English teacher in front of all the students for no valid reasons. Summary of literature Safe space refers to an environment, which bears a healthy life for all its members irrespective of its kinds (Hermann-Wilmarth Ryan, 2013). A safe space in a classroom is of utmost importance for a school and student across the globe as it prepares way for a supportive learning environment in the classroom. Moreover, a supportive learning environment in the classroom is a valuable asset for a students career (Jeong Lee, 2013). The Jonahs character in the chosen video is a very complicated one as it does not where to go and what to do. Jonah is a confused character, which only satisfies its soul by doing some unacceptable activities that might even disturb others. The student welfare member Mr. Doug Peterson in this video tries to explain him the wrong perspectives of bullying. Mr. Peterson explains that Jonah does possess some irresistible tensions that are compelling him for these kinds of activities. Moreover, Jonah did lose his mother in his early age. According to Mr. Peterson , Jonah is physically different to others of his age. However, a proper support from his family members might help Jonah in overcoming the ongoing problem in him (Thompson Smith, 2012). Cultural intelligence can be defined as an individuals capability to maintain a peaceful practice at the workplace or the classroom environment with people of different cultures (Booker, 2016). Moreover, it lets the individual adjust with various kinds of cultural peoples from irrespective parts of world. Cultural self-awareness can be referred to a knowledge, which helps in understanding the level of awareness in a person towards the different cultural values (Adeyemo, 2012). Cultural intelligence and cultural self-awareness have a very strong relationship with the safe space in the classroom. The unsafe environment depicted in the video indicates towards an unawareness quality of Jonah to the different cultural values. Moreover, if Jonah were full of all the cultural self-awareness and the skills of cultural intelligence, he would have never bullied Ben by throwing his bags. Jonah believes that whatever he wish to do is correct, no matter what consequence his action can produce to others. In the chosen video clip, the student welfare member Mr. Peterson says that the main problem behind Jonahs activities is hard to explain (Lilley, 2017). However, it might be because that he lost his mother at his early ages, which might have hampered the proper nurturing of Jonah. Moreover, Jonah is physically underdeveloped, which might have also compelled him in behaving this way. Further, the cultural self-awareness and the cultural intelligence play a very significant role in adjusting with the diverse kinds of cultural people. Nevertheless, the family background is the primary learning centre for an individual, which helps in developing a required level of self cultural-awareness and the cultural intelligence in him or her (Booker, 2016). Observations/ description of video Scene Number/ Time frame Physical Factors: Size and layout of space Proximity and position other Communication factors: Body language, Voice Words Signs of Inclusion or Exclusion Display or lack of cultural intelligence 1- 0:23 Seconds to 0:31 Seconds Throwing of school bag of Ben by Jonah Casual body language of Jonah and his two other friends Leon Joseph with undisciplined loud voice Sign of exclusion to create a safe space can be disciplined behaviours of Jonah and his two other friends in front of Mr. Peterson who is a member of student welfare Saying sorry to Ben in an impolite manner by Jonah 2- 2:42 Minutes to 4:01 Minutes Making fun of English teacher, Sarah Wheatley Disrespectful manner of Jonah where he insults his English teacher for wrong things Sign of exclusion can be the sitting of Jonah at the back seat that was placed behind the class Jonah did not show respect to his English teacher and blame her for wrong reasons 3- 4:21 Minutes to 4:38 Minutes Cheating others assignment Jonah did not do any work on his assignment and simply called Stuart the last night before the submission to know the content of his assignment Sign of inclusion can be the awareness of other students towards the behaviour of Jonah Jonah just cheated the others assignment Source: (Created by author) Discussion Some important theoretical perspectives such as the safe space, cultural self-awareness and cultural intelligence are very helpful in analysing the movie depicted in the chosen video i.e. Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1 (Richardson, 2012). The picture that is depicted in the episode represents an unsafe environment of a school. However, some scenes are also there, which are producing a safe space in the school. The one moment, which is the most effective, is the interaction of Mr. Peterson with the Jonah and his friends. That particular interaction between the member of student welfare and the Jonah tries to show the importance of a safe space in a school environment (Tucker, 2012). Moreover, Mr. Peterson tries to help Jonah in realizing his mistakes, which are damaging the classroom environment in particular. Moreover, all the teachers are tired of Jonah who has already been expelled from two other previous schools. Further, Jonah is a complicated character, which is not suita ble for any classroom environment. The character of Jonah is not safe for any school environment as diverse cultural participation in a school is common. The hatred feelings of Jonah towards other cultures have compelled him in bullying Ben by throwing his bags (Campano Edmiston, 2015). Further, the comment from the English teacher, Sarah Wheatley about the destructive nature of Jonah is also supporting the fact that there are numerous unsafe spaces in the classroom as depicted in the movie. Jonah disturbs other students learning by doing some unaccepted non-sense things such as making fun of the English teacher by saying that the teacher has farted. However, Jonah feels that teachers only blame him for sits, which is not acceptable from his point of view. The film mostly constructs an unsafe space in the classroom, which is evident through various scenes in the film (Fisher, Frey, Pumpian, 2012). The scenes when Jonah blames his English teacher for farting and when Stuart blames Jonah for cheating his assignment on some topic do well illustrate the unsafe environment in the classroom created by Jonah. Teachers in the depicted movie are fully scared of Jonahs behaviours, as Jonah never hesitates in insulting his teachers. Jonah always believes that he is right, as it is evident in the scene when Mr. Peterson asks Jonah to say sorry to Ben for bullying him but Jonah does not. Moreover, Jonah was not at all polite at the time when he was saying sorry to Ben for his bullying activities. Recommendations The one point of recommendation is to arrange a meeting in between the principle and the Jonahs guardians regarding the unsafe activities that Jonah is producing in the classroom. Discussing the major ailments in Jonahs activities should be a part of that meeting. Moreover, Jonahs unusual activities in the school need to be highlighted to his guardians to generate a sense of realization in them towards Jonahs career (Baglieri Shapiro, 2012). Mr. Peterson, the welfare member of students could not bring any changes in Jonahs behaviour. Therefore, it then becomes a necessity to acknowledge the guardians about Jonahs activities. Moreover, Jonahs guardians need to take care of all his activities as students spend their maximum time at their homes. Nevertheless, family background is the primary learning centre, which contributes in the development of a social awareness in a students character. The major problem highlighted in the movie was the missing of cultural intelligence and the cult ural self-awareness in the Jonahs character. Cultural intelligence and cultural self-awareness are the two most important part of a student, which helps them in adjusting with diverse culture of students in schools (Baglieri Shapiro, 2012). Conclusion The assignment covers a brief discussion on the safe space of a classroom with the help of a video clip such as Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1. The video shows the other part of a safe space, which is about the disturbing nature of Jonah in his school. The disturbing nature of Jonah has created a destructive image of him in the school. Moreover, Jonah is happy in disturbing others and in doing so, he sometimes tend to forget the respect level that complies with the teachers. The moment where he does not say sorry to Ben in a polite manner and the moment where he insults his English teacher Sarah Wheatley for wrong reasons clearly indicate the disturbing nature of Jonah in this video. However, there are not any identified solutions for his unacceptable behaviours but the family background is the one way, which could have produced some effective remedy against such behaviours. Bibliography Adeyemo, S. A. (2012). The relationship between effective classroom management and students academic achievement. European Journal of Educational Studies. 367-381.[Accessedat:https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32963797 /SHAZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZMA.PDF?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1486813721Signature=rymMwzB37zvGWh9TgQrEFhzna8U%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTHE_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_EFFECTIVE_CLASS.pdf] Baglieri, S., Shapiro, A. (2012). Disability studies and the inclusive classroom: Critical practices for creating least restrictive attitudes. Routledge. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=tkaC2eYg-eUCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=R1zgXhHUZPsig=mxzBDq1bY2x6RCNJA4PCo57h_T8#v=onepageqf=false] Booker, K. (2016). Connection and Commitment: How Sense of Belonging and Classroom Community Influence Degree Persistence for African American Undergraduate Women. Executive Editor. 218-229. [Accessed at: https://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE28(2).pdf#page=77] Brookfield, S. D. (2015). The skillful teacher: On technique, trust, and responsiveness in the classroom. John Wiley Sons. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=gAhhBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA192dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=BoYvOtYp6Ssig=yj9If_RDY1TfkwTwa06p0aPd89Y#v=onepageqf=false] Campano, G., Edmiston, B. (2015). Literacy tools in the classroom: Teaching through critical inquiry, grades 5-12. Teachers College Press. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=jnK0SesoRlECoi=fndpg=PR5dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=MzVP-nYtGKsig=pOYcsFMAuvAiahPHnngpIBzjiJI#v=onepageqf=false] Fisher, D., Frey, N., Pumpian, I. (2012). How to create a culture of achievement in your school and classroom. ASCD. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=LCvrv2ggn2QCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=wyDId9LBf5sig=Tm9DvWEJqmIl1oKa2v6MBNQ-NV0#v=onepageqf=false] Hermann-Wilmarth, J., Ryan, C. (2013). Interrupting the single story: LGBT issues in the language arts classroom. Language Arts. 226-231. [Accessed at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34481727/LA0903Conversation.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1486813597Signature=C6WRg4nyEZafbx6AFLnFK%2FztQJI%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DInterrupting_the_Single_Story_LGBT_Issue.pdf] Hopkins, D. (2013). Creating the Conditions for Classroom Improvement: A handbook of staff development activities. Routledge. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=1ZrHBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT6dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=nezYybdc1Nsig=LJZkzNRg9eR7bOTkz1yAQCikVGk#v=onepageqf=false] Jeong, S., Lee, B. H. ( 2013). A multilevel examination of peer victimization and bullying preventions in schools. Journal of criminology. [Accessed at: file:///C:/Users/asus%20user/Downloads/735397.pdf] Lilley, C. (2017). Summer Heights High - Jonah Episode 1. [image]. [Accessed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5eZ3zJVjg8] Protogerou, C., Flisher, A. (2012). Bullying in schools.Crime, Violence and Injury in South Africa: 21st Century Solutions for Child Safety. Tygerberg: MRC, 119-133. [Accessed at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cleo_Protogerou/publication/258222223_BULLYING_IN_SCHOOLS/links/55073d5f0cf26ff55f7c2f79.pdf] Richardson, G. R. (2012). Creating a Space to Grow: the process of developing your outdoor learning environment. Routledge. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8O3rYO1it4QCoi=fndpg=PR3dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=rSkbtZmpI0sig=15IHlhpdW0QGdlSEQ7jykeGGyNU#v=onepageqf=false] Thompson, F., Smith, P. K. (2012). Anti-bullying strategies in schools: what is done and what works. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 154-173. [Accessed at: https://www.bullyingandcyber.net/media/cms_page_media/55/Thompson-Smith2.pdf] Tucker, C. R. (2012). Blended learning in grades 412: Leveraging the power of technology to create student-centered classrooms. . Corwin Press. [Accessed at: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=GmvIn8qBwssCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=creating+safe+space+in+classroomots=t86wIdcdjK sig=5wUHZymMTLz7ovQcmQ_FLKw4jLo#v=onepageq=creating%20safe%20space%20in%20classroomf=false]

Sustainable Tourism free essay sample

Introduction As defined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability in all form of tourism shall be discussed in this essay. 2. 1 Sustainable Tourism Since World War II, tourism has developed from a relatively minor activity to the worlds largest industry. The travelling within more developed countries as well as from more developed countries to less developed countries generally increased. It also consists of the majority of middle classes travelling among less developed countries but also to the more developed countries. The term sustainable tourism emerged from a broader discourse on the idea of sustainable development (Bramwell and Lane, 1993). It aims to obtain economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits and helping to conserve the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area (community, environment) in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exist to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes (Butler 1993 in Wahab and Pigram 1997, p44). According to Jafari, the global tourism sector has been influenced and described by a few model platforms, advocacy, cautionary, adaptancy and knowledge-based platforms. At the later stage, Macbeth (2005) rethought the model and proposed the other 2 models, sustainable and value full platforms. These distinct perspectives provide a useful structure for understanding the outgrowth and development of sustainable tourism. However these platforms do not represent a pure type or ideology but rather be used for understanding for stakeholders on tourism and it is not mutually exclusive. 2. 1. 1 Advocacy platform The advocacy platform was the first to appear in the post-war period during the 1950s to 1960s and was characterized by the strong support for tourism. There were a few factors leading to the appearance and ascendancy of this pro-tourism. The tendency to travel for recreational purposes of the middle class in the more developed countries grew after World War II. The cost of travel was reduced and the accessibility to more destinations was opened to a larger market. Less developed countries was made favorable to economic development judging the inexhaustible supply of resources such as the local culture, scenery and beaches. Economic benefits Tourism generates direct revenues as well as indirect revenues to the country. In this case it creates a large number of employments to the direct or indirect sectors for the unskilled labor force. It also serves as a generator of infrastructure. Socio-cultural and environment benefits Tourism promotes cross-cultural understanding and, ultimately, world peace, through direct contact between host and guest (DAmore, 1988). It also provides an incentive to conserve the tradition, natural and man-made environment. The iconic heritage sites such as the Great Wall of China, Egyptian pyramids of Giza and Machu Picchu of Peru would seriously be the tourism attraction of the countries. Therefore a portion of the revenue can be allocated for maintenance or restoration purposes. 2. 1. 2 Cautionary platform Cautionary platform was emerged in the late 1960s to 1970s due to several factors contributing it. It has been argued that unrelated tourism development ultimately rises in unacceptably high economic, environmental and socio-cultural cost for the locals of the destinations, who are losing out as a result of these costs. For less developed countries, the intensification of tourism development had been developed where negative impacts became increasingly visible. Economic costs Cautionary platform showed that tourism employment generate low wages, part time, unskilled, seasonal job and employee does not have the opportunity to entitle to benefits as well as upward mobility. In the long-run pattern of seasonal nature of tourist demand, it creates a respectively under-capacity and over-capacity which resulted instability to the country economy. Socio-cultural and environmental costs With the increased of tourism development, the country has to destroy part of the natural environment to build large scale resorts, golf course or marina to attract the tourists. Natural environments such as beaches, forest or lakes are being destroyed due to the over-populated and over-congestion. The culture and the locals are also being commoditized by the visitors as the residents have to adapt products and services to the tourists demand rather than their own community. With the increased of tourism activities, illegal and criminal activities are inevitable which disrupt the structure of the host society. Advocacy and Cautionary platforms are largely concerned with imparts of tourism which leads to the third platform of adaptation where alternative platform of tourism. 2. 1. 3 Adaptancy platform The appearance of adaptancy platform was introduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This platform was introduced after cautionary platform identified the potential negative impacts of tourism but did not implement solutions to avoid these negative effects. It favored new form of tourism responsiveness to the host community, man-made environment, natural environment and socio-cultural. Employing of locals, utilizing local resources, being less destructive can be beneficial to the host community and guests. 2. 1. 4 Emergence of alternative tourism By supporting locally owned small-scale enterprises than externally owned and large scale enterprises leads to alternative tourism. Eco-tourism special interest tourism appeared as alternative tourism that attracts based on the natural environment. . 1. 5 Knowledge-Based platform Several factors gave rise in the late 1980s and 1990s according to Jafari (2001) which he terms the knowledge-based platform. It is based on scientific foundation, research-based to provide objective analysis. This platform emphasize on holistic, system-based approached. By studying the whole tourism system, understanding its underlying structures and functions so that proper assessment can be done to manage the touris m sector. 3. 1 Sustainable Development Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Report, 1987). Essentially, sustainable development advocates the wise use and conservation of resources in order to maintain their long-term viability (Eber, 1992, p. 1). The principles of sustainable development are ecological sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability and cultural sustainability (Jamieson, et al, 2000). Ecological sustainability refers to the direction towards ecological principles and biological diversify. Economical sustainability refers to development economically efficient within generations. Social sustainability refers to the increase of peoples control over their own lives; maintain and strengthen community identity. Cultural sustainability refers to development compatible with the culture and values of affected people. The above-mentioned shows the need for sustainability in all form of tourism in order to sustain. 3. 2 Eco-Tourism In the mid-1980s, eco-tourism is closely associated. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES, 1990) defined that responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. Ecotourism is about conservation of environment with minimum impart, build environmental and cultural awareness and respect, providing positive experience for both host and visitors, provide financial benefits for the host and raising sensitivity to host countries political, environmental, and social climate. Singapore Environment Council (SEC), foster greater appreciation of the environment amongst the community as a whole. The objective of the non-profit organization is to promote greater public awareness concerning the living and natural environment in Singapore, encouraging public to be more environmentally conscious and display a greater sense of environmental responsibility. They also organized environmental promotion and protection in Singapore or the purpose of conserving the nature areas such as Bukit Timah Reserve, Pulua Ubin, Sungei Buloh Nature Park. 4. Local Conditions The economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors play an important part in a country. The interplay of social, economic and environmental conditions can have a profound impact on the perceived importance of tourism and the relative power of different interest groups within the destination (Dredge 2001b, 2006a). Economic factors refer to the assets and revenues of a country. For instance, the more developed countries will have the ability to supply or inject more money to conserve their natural or man-made environment, or even build large-scale resorts and golf course to attract tourists to the country. For less-developed countries, due to their low standard of living and undeveloped infrastructures, the countries do not have the ability to invest the money for conserving the environment. Socio-cultural factors refer to the socio structure, the values and cultures of a society. The culture of a community can be very different from other community. For example, Singaporeans are more conservative compared to the westerners. Environmental factors refer to the environment, nature and location of a country. The natural structure of a country is hard to change. For example, Singapore is a small island with neither forest nor mountain whereas the Himalayas Mountain in Tibet is a natural resource. Therefore planning is important, as good tourism planning can sustain the environment more successfully. Reciprocally, poor tourism planning can result harm to the natural habitat, overcrowding in a place and creates pollutions. 5. Values Jafaris knowledge-based platform took a scientific and objective view of tourism and a system approach to the industry. However, Macbeth confidently believes that knowledge, policy, planning and development decisions are value-based. Concluding that no matter how many scientific facts, priorities and decisions made will be based on what the stakeholders believe. Hence, Value-Full or ethics-based platform was proposed (Macbeth, 2005). It encourages the stakeholders to question the motives, ethics and morality during the consideration of the consequences of tourism within a economic, socio-cultural and environmental framework. The United Nations, the general assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration on 8 September 2000, recognizing it as a collective responsibility to uphold the principle of human dignity, equality and equality at the global level. Fundamental values essential to international relations include freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, and respect for nature and shared responsibility are considered. Freedom refers to human rights to live their lives without the fear of violence or injustice. Equality refers to the equal rights and opportunities of different genders, race or religion to benefit from development. Solidarity refers to the sharing of costs and burdens between those who benefit more or to those who benefit less. Tolerance should also be respected within human beings in the difference of belief, culture and language. Respecting of nature must be shown of all natural resources and living species in order to sustain for the future generation. Responsibility must be shared to manage worldwide economic, social development as well as threats to international peace and security. 6. Global Code of Ethics The Global Code of Ethics is a set of principle which is used to guide the stakeholders as well as visitors in tourism development. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism is believed to help minimize the negative impacts of tourism on the environment and on cultural heritage while maximizing the benefits for residents of tourism destination (WTO). The stakeholders in tourism development should implement the principles and follow closely to it. Mutual understanding between peoples and societies, the respect of cultural and religious traditions should be observed. For example, Lijiang Ancient Town, China, acquiring World Heritage status in 1997 and since then four million tourists has passed through the town. According to X. Su and P. Teo, a questionnaire survey was used to ascertain the local perceptions on heritage and the state (2008: p. 153).